ICT in the service of multiculturalism

Theoretical Background

Much of the research on connecting among different cultures is based on the contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954), which lays down the conditions for successful contact between two or more groups. Allport claims that knowledge of differences between groups is not in itself enough to stop prejudice. In order to reduce prejudice and bias, it is necessary to become directly acquainted with people of the other culture/sect, etc., and his hypothesis stipulates a number of conditions that need

to be fulfilled in order to reach this goal: equal-group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation, and institutional support. Under these conditions, participants in information exchange and intergroup interaction “increase their knowledge of the outgroup and reduce intergroup anxiety, which in turn broadens the perceptual field to allow impressions of outgroups to become more accurate and more favorable” (Stephan & Stephan, 1984). Thus, previous stereotyping and prejudice toward the other culture is reduced. In fact, although studies claim that indeed there is a change in how an individual relates to another individual from a different cultural group, this change in attitude does not always lead to a change in the individual’s bias against the entire group. In order for there to be a change in global attitudes, there must be carefully controlled conditions (Brown & Wade, 1987; Hewstone & Brown, 1986; Riordan & Ruggiero, 1980; Scarberry, Ratcliff, Lord, Lanicek, & Desforges, 1997).

A number of computer-mediated communication (CMC) projects have been carried out among diverse populations, specifically populations in conflict, based on the contact hypothesis. Probably the best documented one is Dissolving Boundaries, carried out from 1999 to 2008 between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (Austin, 2006). This project brings together online students from the different religious sectors of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland for joint study projects. The research concludes that sustained curricular and social interaction has an effect on childrens’ perceptions of each other and that the effect is most marked between two schools, one on each side of the border.

In Israel, efforts to use CMC between Arab and Jewish populations have met with inconsistent results. Mollov and Lavie (2001) and Mollov (2006) examined discussions that focused specifically on Jewish and Islamic religious practices through email exchanges between Israelis and Palestinians. They concluded that a one-to-one religious dialogue was a means for building Israeli-Palestinian understanding. However, group encounters that focused on political concerns did not result in reducing biases (Ellis & Maoz, 2007; Maoz & Ellis, 2001).

The OICH Model

The online inter-group contact hypothesis (OICH) model is based on an extension of the contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954). Its aim is to adapt the original contact hypothesis for online connections between groups in conflict. The model is applicable to various levels of professional/project-oriented collaboration among culturally diverse groups: academic staff at teaching colleges; trainees in the teaching colleges; teachers in schools, who are program graduates; and pupils in schools who collaborate on educational projects.

 

In order for the model to work, the project must meet a number of conditions, which are outlined below:

• be fully supported by each participating institution,
• involve collaboration among groups rather than among individuals,
• deal with general subjects and not with conflicts,
• be based on a need for participant collaboration rather than competition,
• ensure participants have equal status,
• progress gradually over a period of at least one year, beginning with exchanges via the Internet followed by text and voice exchange and finally, after a positive online experience, by face-to-face encounters among the partners, and
• employ teachers who themselves come from the different cultural groups and who “team teach” the course in a collegial environment.

The multi-collegial IT course offered by the Center annually since 2005 uses this model in a unique course that offers Israelis from diverse religions and backgrounds an advanced Internet learning environment, which focuses on computerized tools and online teaching methods (including forums, blogs, wikis, film editing programs, and more). Teacher trainees learn about applications of technology in teaching, and they practice these within the framework of a given topic or discipline of their choice.

Reference: http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/601/1207

ICT education tranformation and economic development.

Five sorts of research:

•Macroeconomic research showing that over the past several decades the US and global economies have undergone a fundamental shift from a manufacturing economy to an information economy, much of it driven by ICT.

•Microeconomic research showing that individual firms are undergoing significant changes in organizational structure and business practices, much

of it facilitated by the pervasive presence of ICT in the workplace.

•Labor market and workforce studies showing a significant shift in the kinds of jobs and skills that are needed by our economy, skills that are intimately connected to the use of ICT.

•Studies showing patterns of the everyday ICT use in American life, particularly use by young Americans, patterns that are closer to the use of ICT in the business world than to that in schools.

•Studies showing that American schools are not using ICT in a significant way or providing youth with the experiences and skills they need to enter the information economy.

Macroeconomic Trends: shifting from manufacturing to information economy

Macroeconomic studies – those that look at entire economies – show that the US economy has undergone profound changes over the past several decades. These changes have significant implications for how people work, live, and play an

d, most certainly, implications for education: for what is taught, how it is learned, and how schools are organized. Many of these changes have been fostered by the dramatic growth in information communication technologies.

Microeconomic Trends: changes in business organization and practices

ICT has contributed to economic change not just through the growth of the information products and services sectors. It has also fostered fundamental changes in how business is done across a range of economic sectors. Microeconomic studies – those that look at individual firms – confirm the impact of ICT on business practice. First, these studies show that the use of ICT has supported a significant surge in US productivity. Stiroh (2003) analyzed aggregate productivity data for 1987-1995 to 1995-1999 for three sets of US industries: ICT-producing industries, ICT-using industries, and other industries. ICT-producing industries showed a mean productivity acceleration of 3.7 percentage points; ICT-using industries posted an increase of 2.0 percentage points; all other industries showed an average gain of only 0.4 percentage points.

Labor Market Trends: need for a different skill set 

 

As intimated above, the restructuring of the economy, the reorganization of work, and the uptake of ICT have corresponded to a need for increased education and skill on the part of the labor force.

A study by Carnevale & Desrochers (2002) found a significant increase in the number of workers in the US economy who have at least some level of higher education. Between 1973 and 2000, the percentage of US workers with some post-secondary education increased from 28% to 59%, and the proportion with bachelor’s degrees increased from 9% to 20% during that period. In terms of

demand, this upward trend looks likely to continue. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that those occupational categories that require a postsecondary degree will experience the most rapid growth between 2008 and 2018.

Social Trends: everyday ICT practices 

 

In addition to its economic impact, the pervasiveness of ICT across the country has had a significant social impact on America, such that people access, use, and create information and knowledge very differently than they did in previous

decades – they are living in what is sometimes called the ‘knowledge society’ (Mokyr, 2002). A recent study by the Pew Internet and American Life project (Kennedy et al, 2008) found that more than three-quarters (77%) of all US households own at least one computer, and among households with children, 93% own a computer. A recent study using US Census Bureau data (NTIA, 2010) found that 68.7% of US households have Internet access, and 63.5% of them have broadband access. However, broadband home use is correlated with a number of demographic characteristics: higher-income households, White and Asian Americans, urban residents, and those with higher education levels are much more likely to have and use broadband at home than lower-income households, Black and Hispanic Americans, rural residents, and those with lower levels of educational attainment. This gap remains a significant social issue in the United States, as noted by Warschauer & Martuchniak.

Educational Trends: the current state of US education

 

Given the massive changes in the economy and society, the significant technological resources available in American homes, and the impressive

technological skills and experiences that young people bring with them to school, how well are schools preparing our youth for the information economy and knowledge society that they will live in during the twenty-first century? The answer is, not well at all.

The Urgent Need for Educational Change

Of course, not all businesses or workers will be engaged in the information economy over the coming decades, any more than all businesses were related to farming in the agrarian economy or than all businesses were manufacturers during the mass-production economy. Nonetheless, the prevailing economic paradigm has a pervasive effect on all business and social endeavors.

Economic historians (Freeman & Louca, 2001; Perez, 2002) describe waves of economic and social change associated with the introduction of transformative technologies. Each wave of technology – steam power, electrical power, mass production, and now computers – spawned both creative and disruptive forces that restructured the economy and rippled throughout social institutions and practices. The existing paradigm, tuned to a current set of technological affordances, was not able to cope with or take advantage of the potential offered by new technologies and, consequently, uptake of the new technologies was a disruptive force that worked against the current paradigm.

Referencing:

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1000.9837&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Services and Everything

As its name indicates, it has to do with how the ICT has influence in the way we see life. The revolution was happening. What can you gain from changing your work? As we have analyzed throught all these previous posts technology is invading us, not in a mean way. Now we are more informed and more educated than ever. If you think we are not, just check how we were back then, I am not saying this in order to change anything, but it is something we have seen since many many years ago. 

The technology marked the difference from the new to the old. When the young started to use things like music as the basis of a movement, young people changed the way they were.

The algorithmic revolution transforms activities

With the algorithmic revolution , task a underlying services can be transformed into formalizable, codifiable, computable, processes with clearly defined rules for their execution.
IN MAJOR ENTERPRISES PAYROLL PROCESSES HAVE BEEN REORGANIZED AND LARGELY AUTOMATED.

Business functions ranging from:
Accounting methods that we use
Computing
Payroll amount of money we use for payment.

Supply chain management

Repositioning services to avoid commoditization
Intense global competition, the array of newcomers from diverse countries and the rapid diffusion of technology, means that many products face intense price competition.

Firms hardware offerings are increasingly enhanced in value by ICT-enable services offerings. Apple's iPod is more than an attractively designed mp3 player.

-Products can become portals to services, or are embedded in services.

-Conventional sectoral distinctions are collapsing into “value domains”.

-Products themselves can be transformed into services when delivered via ICT networks.

UNDETSTANGING THE SERVICES TRANSFORMATION

The services transformation is persasive. Consequently we need some tools sort through the developments. First, we distinguish the underlying services activities, placing them on a spectrum ranging.

THE SERVICES DILEMMA
We have seen that the ICT enabled service transformation involves both including a services component in the business model and transforming service activities, into computable processes. This is just the beginning of the competitive story.

SERVICES DRIVING PRODUCTIVITY
*Services are now widely recognized as a source of productivity growth and dynamism in the economy.

 

 

Processes, performance drivers an ict tools in human resources management.

Processes, performance drivers an ict tools in human resources management.

by Amstrong.

A strategic, integrated and coherent approach to the employment,

development and well being of the people working in organization

Activities

• strategic human resources management
• human capital management
• corporate social responsibility
• knowledge management
• resourcing

Performance drivers:

The term “performance driver” will be henceforth (from this time onwards) use to mark activities that increase potential to achieve higher level of corporate performance.

Kaplan:

“ what must the company deliver to its costumers to achieve high degrees of satisfaction, retention, acquisition and , eventually, market share?”

Grundy and brown:

“one of the methods for implementing human resources strategy, because it helps to diagnose organizational performance, either externally or internally or both.

Practical feedback.

Feedback loop:

Channel or pathway formed by an 'effect' returning to its 'cause,' and generating either more or less of the same effect. A dialogue is an example of a feedback loop.

Reference.
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/feedback-loop.html

The traslation competence model

The traslation competence model

wha is a translater?

Is aperson who expresses in a language what is written in another language. (translation competence)

Saint Jerom

he traslated the biblefrom the hebrew to de latin of the people in the 4^th centrury.

Translation competence

Even those discussions of translation competence in translation studies that strive towards the Chomskyan understanding tend to include aspects of, or be akin to, the Human resources and Social Competence definitions. For example, PACTE (2000, 100) claim to have borrowed the notion of translation competence “from the idea of linguistic competence”, but they define translation competence as including an array of knowledges, skills and abilities which vary between individuals and which would never find their way into the notion of linguistic competence.

Different authors have developed the term communicative competence:

Chomski-1957

Hymes-1967

Olivia-1998

Forgas-2003

The history of translation competence Translation competence has been one of the important subjects of interest and a matter of discussion among scholars and translation researchers in the last three to four decades. There are two reasons for this statement. The first one is according to Pym since the 1970s the concept of translation competence has been viewed as at least "1) a mode of bilingualism, 2) a question of market demands, 3) a multi-component competence, involving sets of skills that are linguistic, cultural, technological and professional, and 4) a super-competence that would somehow stand above the rest". The other reason is seen as the date of the following researches which also shows since 1971 so far translation competence has been the area of interest of many researchers.

 Instrumental.

1) Translation competence and its sub-competencies

2) Communicative competence

3) Extra-linguistic competence

4) Transfer competence

5) Instrumental/professional competence

6) Psycho-physiological competence

7) Strategic competence

 

ict enhancing teaching and learning process

 

 

Education around the world is experiencing major paradim shifts in educational practices of teaching and learning under the umbrella of ICT enabled learning environment. Whereas learning through facts, drill and practices, rules and procedures was more adaptive in earlier days, learning through projects and problems, inquiry and design, discovery and invention, creativity and diversity, action and reflection is perhaps more fitting for the present times. The major hallmark of this learning transition is from teacher centered to learner focus paradigm. 

 

 

The Use of ICT in Teaching:

 

The use of Information and Communication: Technology for teaching in classroom has changed the very nature of learning and there fore still remains and emerging trend. The ICT assisted way of teaching acts as a catalyst in the classroom. The introduction of the technological devices in the teaching field as gained popularity. The reasons for the success of the ICT in teaching are:

 

1. ICT in teaching reduces the traditional barrier between the teacher and the learner

2. This method is learner-centered. 

3. It is effective for it teaches and entertains at the same time.

4. User friendly technology which could be accessed beyond the class room hours.

5. It enhances the learning language sills listening, speaking, reading, and writing catering to individual needs.

 

 

 

 

Key emerging findings

The study found that in the case study schools:

•Overall the motivational impact of ICT was positive. However the circumstances and ways in which ICT was used affected the outcomes.

•The forms of motivation which arose as a result of ICT use were concerned with a commitment to learn, more than with a mere completion of tasks or to gain a competitive edge. This was more the case with primary pupils than secondary pupils, but true of both groups.

•ICT had a positive motivational impact on the following learning processes:

•engagement (through visual, kin-aesthetic and auditory means);

• research (access to a wide range of resources from which to search and select);

• writing and editing (through offering pupils ways to commit ideas more readily and edit to far greater extents than before) and;

• presentation (through enabling them to present work neatly and professionally).

• The types of ICT that pupils found particularly useful were: the Internet, interactive white boards, writing and publishing software and presentational software.

•There was evidence that ICT impacted positively on pupils’ attitudes towards and engagement with their school work and some evidence from pupils and school staff that behavior in class was better when ICT was used.

•Through improving motivation, ICT impacted on the quality of pupils’ work, but for potential attainment outcomes to be fully realised, ICT needs to be used to support subject learning, that is, to impact on pupils’ subject-specific learning processes, rather than just addressing issues relating to engagement and presentation of work.

Methodology

Seventeen case study schools from across England ere selected on the recommendation of external observers including Becta, Ofsted and LEAs, as representing good practice in the use of ICT.

 

St. Vanlente's Day

 
St. Valentine's Day, as we know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. The story of Valentine's Day begins in the third century with an oppressive Roman emperor Claudius II and a humble Christian Martyr.When Claudius discovered Valentine’s acts of defiance, he had him killed immediately. Valentine was later canonized by the Vatican and, in the 5th century, February 14th was named his feast day, the day designated by the church to honor and commemorate a saint’s life.

Now we believe that St. Valentine's day expressed love. 

The St. Valentine's day is characterizer by: 

Rich root because coming for the 5th century and are charged of history.

Notable events; through  the time exists many events that was taken place in the date(the most notorious is 1929’s St. Valentine's Day Massacre).

Tradition of Valentine's Cards

Over the centuries, the holiday evolved, and by the 18th century, gift-giving and exchanging handmade cards on Valentine's Day had become common in England. Hand-made valentine cards made of lace, ribbons, and featuring cupids and hearts eventually spread to the American colonies. The tradition of Valentine's cards did not become widespread in the United States, however, until the 1850s, when Esther A. Howland, a Mount Holyoke graduate and native of Worcester, Mass., began mass-producing them. Today, of course, the holiday has become a booming commercial success. According to the Greeting Card Association, 25% of all cards sent each year are valentines.

Read more: http://stylecaster.com/history-of-valentines-day/#ixzz4YgjmaK32

 


Now we believe that St. Valentine's day expressed love.

ICT for translation and interpretation

“Without a new generation of trained linguists and professionals with language skills, international organisations will be unable to perform their vital tasks”

For the learning experience to be consistent with the demands and expectations of the current market, ICT need to be considered and integrated in the training process.

Using ICT for expert linguists training resources

course material design.

.lecturers
.speeches
.dialogues
.audio.recording software or mp3 recorder during an exercise.

Empowering students ans fostering team/work and professional skills.

Kolb < 1984>  identified a dichotomy in learning styles, between learner who apprehend the process as “active doers” and those who are “reflective watchers”

Types of lerners

.learner/reflectors
.learner/theorists
.learner/pragmatists
.learner/activists


Conclusion

ICT can add to the quality of the training of expert linguists in a time when such specialists are in great demand. The variety of pedagogical tools provided by these new technologies facilitate the production of authentic materials, enabling a valuable situated learning approach.

ICT

What it is? ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication

Components of ICTs

.people

.communication

.information

.procedure

.hardware

.software

Importance in modern life

ICT has prooved its importantan in every area.

The progress of science and technology has opened a teasure of knowledge. It has pervaded every aspect of human life (health, education, business). Therefore, ICT are defined for purpose of learning process as a diverse set of technological tools and

Brief history of ICT

the phrase of information and comunicatios technology has been used by academic researchers since 1980, and the abbreviation ICT became popular after it was used.

Advantages of using ICT

Utility (instantaneously

Shared resources (groups can access

Education Schools

Control (Specific information and processes.)

Disadvantages

User competence require specialized training

Vulnerability hacking

Complexity system breaks down

Electronic era

May 7 1895: is the birth day of electronic era

Russian Miracle: Every body had heard about how you could send messages with wireless telegraphy using “hertzian wave”

Guglielmo Marchese Marconi, this 22 years old Italian genius managed to also transmit and receive a wireless messages in this father`s villa bologna

he established companies en england and the united states proving first to the
military an then to the world that wireless messages were a real thing

1916

David Sarnoff who became famous after the titanic incident later came up whit the idea of transmitting more than just messages, like music and information.

Computer Time line :

1945

The computer age begins with the debut of ENIAC

1975

The MITS Altair, a PC-building kit, hits stores Bill gates and Paul Allen establish Microsoft

1976

Steven Jobs and Stephen Woznaik start Apple Computer

1977

Apple Computer Introduces the Apple II compute

1978

Floppy disks replace older data cassettes.

1981

IBM introduces a complete desktop

1984

The user-frendly Aplle Machintosh goes on sale.

1985

Microsoft launches Windows

1992

The Apple Power Book and IBM Thinkpad debut

1996

Palm releases the Palmpilot, a hand-held computer also caled a “personal digital assistant”

1997

the term “weblog” is coined. Its later shortened to “blog”

19998

Google opens its first office, in California.

1999

College student Shawn Fanning invents Napster, a computer application that allows users to swap music over Internet.

“e.commerce” becomes the buzzword as Internet shopping rapidly spreads

Myspace.com is launch

2000

to the charging of the Internet population, deviant computer programmers begin designing and circulating viruses

2001
 Wikipedia is created Apple introduce ipod

2003

Spam, unsolicited e- mails, become a server-cloggin menace. It accounts for about half of all emails. In December, president bush sings the controlling the Assault of non.solicited pornography and marketing Act of 2003, which is intended to help individuals and businesses control.

2004
Mark Zuckerberg launches The Facebook at Harvard.

Google introduce Gmail

2005
Youtube is lunched

youtube, a video sharing website. Goes alive.

2006
There are more tah 92 million websites on line.

Twitter, a website for mini.blogging

2007
Apple releases the Iphone

2010

Apple introduces the Ipad

2011

Social networking website such as twitter and Facebook help activists organize and uprising in Egypt.

Internet Time Line

1965
Two computers at MIT Lincoln lab communicate with one other using packet.switching technology.

1968
Beranek and Newman Inc. Unveils the final version of the interface message processor . BBN wins ARPANET contract.

1973
Global networking becomes a reality as the university college of london and Royal Radar Establishment connect to ARPANET.

1974
The first service provider is born with the introduction of a commercial version of ARPANET, know as Telenet.

1991
CERN introduces the world wide web to the public

1992
The first audio and video are distributed over Internet. “surfing the internet”

2009
The INTERNET marks its 40^th anniversary.